cyanide-cyanohydrins-mechanism

alkyl lithium or alkyl magnesium (Grignard)-mechanism

• aldehydes go to secondary alcohols-mechanism
• ketones go to tertiary alcohols -mechanism
• carbon dioxide goes to carboxylic acids-mechanism

Wittig-alkenes-mechanism

intermediate of making imine derivatives is called a hemiaminal, geminal amino alcohol or carbinol amine-mechanism

ammonia-imines or Shiff base-mechanism
primary amines-imines-mechanism
hydroxylamine-oximes-mechanism
hydrazine-hydrazones-mechanism
secondary amines-iminiums, enamines-mechanism

water

• aldehydes favor hydrate, geminal diol-mechanism
• ketones favor keto form

one equivalent of a primary alcohols

• aldehydes go to hemiacetals-mechanism
• ketones go to hemiketals-mechanism

two equivalents of a primary alcohol with acid catalysis

• aldehydes go to acetals-mechanism
• ketones go to ketals-mechanism

proton (H⁺)

• oxonium ion-mechanism
• enol-mechanism

base

• enolate-mechanism

alcohol and acid catalysis

• enol ether-mechanism

hydride

• aldehydes go to primary alcohols with NaBH₄ or LiAlH₄-mechanism
• ketones go to secondary alcohols with NaBH₄ or LiAlH₄-mechanism
• imines and enamines go to amines with NaB(CN)H₃ and H⁺ via an iminum intermediate-mechanism

two equivalents of a primary thiol with acid catalysis

• aldehydes go to thio acetals-mechanism
• ketones go to thio ketals-mechanism