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- Solubility
- Depends on Temperature
- Solids become more soluble in hot liquids
- Gases become less soluble in hot liquids
- In water, increases with hydrogen bonding
- 1 to 4 rule
- ethylene glycol
- gel glue
- carbohydrates and other biomolecules
- increases with making salts, ionic compounds
- Polar and Non-Polar Solvents
- Aqueous and Non-Aqueous,
- Lipophilic and Lipophobic,
- Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic,
- like dissolves like
- increases with branching
- Partition coefficients
- Extraction, extracted material = initial material/(1+K V1/V2),
multiple extractions are best
- Octan-1-ol/ water
partition coefficient, logKOW = logP, drug design
requires 0 < logP < 5.
- Emulsifiers, Surfactants, Soaps, Amphiphilic
- Polar and non-polar portions of a molecule allow it to mix polar
and non-polar materials
- The lecithin in egg emulsifies water, oil and air to make
mayonnaise.
- The soap or surfactants in shampoo emulsifies water, oil and
air to make lather.
- Emulsions make extraction difficult, rinse your glassware of
soap before you use it.
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Solubility
